Single domain antibodies (SDAb) represent an alternative immunotherapeutic platform for veterinary use. Several SDAb targeting canine PD-1 were previously identified with potential for canine cancer immunotherapy. A lead SDAb, clone STX-1B5, with nanomolar binding to canine PD-1 was selected for evaluation of tolerability in dogs. The anti-PD-1 SDAb was expressed in wild-type Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) at a 100 mg scale, purified by tangential flow filtration, and quality confirmed controlled for host-cell protein, host-cell DNA, and endotoxin. Single 1.0 mL subcutaneous (SQ) injections of 0.15 to 1.12 mg/kg were administered to three adult Beagle dogs (1 male and 2 female) one per week to allow observations from each dose level prior to dose escalation. The dogs were monitored by a veterinarian on the day of dosing and daily for three days. Administering 1.0 ml of STX-1B5 subcutaneously at 0.146, 0.383 or 1.154 mg/kg in young adult male or female Beagle dogs was well tolerated and did not result in adverse test article-related clinical observations.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), originally formulated to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and subsequently leveraged for weight management, have demonstrated wide-ranging pleiotropic effects across multiple organ systems. These extra-metabolic capabilities suggest that their therapeutic utility extends far beyond simple adiposity reduction. Objective: This narrative review aims to comprehensively synthesize and critically appraise clinical and mechanistic evidence regarding the long-term impacts of GLP-1RAs-specifically long-acting analogs such as semaglutide and the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide-on cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, pulmonary, and neurological outcomes. Methods: A detailed, comprehensive literature search was executed across PubMed, Embase, and regulatory databases (such as the US Food and Drug Administration) to identify milestone phase III randomized controlled trials, robust real-world evidence, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between January 2021 and May 2026. Key Findings: Accumulating data reveal that GLP-1RAs significantly decrease major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) through mechanisms involving plaque stabilization, endothelial protection, and macrophage phenotypic polarization. In obesity-driven heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), these agents markedly enhance functional capacity and mitigate symptoms by reducing epicardial adipose tissue volume and localized paracrine inflammation. Furthermore, landmark clinical trials have confirmed that GLP-1RAs slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), reduce albuminuria, and provide direct podocyte preservation. In hepatology, GLP-1RAs facilitate the resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and arrest hepatic fibrosis, culminating in recent regulatory approvals. Emerging evidence also highlights neuroprotective qualities, including a reduction in neuroinflammation and a deceleration of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases, alongside unexpected efficacy in reducing the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and modulating central reward pathways associated with substance use disorders. Conclusion: GLP-1RAs represent a profound shift in chronic disease management, transitioning from targeted metabolic modifiers into broad systemic therapies that directly counter the inflammatory and fibrotic drivers of multi-organ dysfunction.

Importance: Review about care at home often treats acute hospital-at-home, tele-oncology, home laboratory collection, and decentralized clinical trials as variants of the same model, despite major differences in clinical intensity, payment pathways, and operational risk. Objective: To evaluate whether home phlebotomy should be treated as enabling infrastructure for cancer care at home and decentralized clinical trials, with focused assessment of the Cancer Center (a large NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center in the United States) implementation, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) MATCHES program and MSK, and publicly available evidence regarding myOnsite Healthcare. Evidence Review: This narrative review was conducted on March 5, 2026, using PubMed, PubMed Central, and official or institutional sources from CMS, MedPAC, NCI, FDA, and a large NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center in the United States. Public myOnsite materials were reviewed separately and classified as company-reported evidence. Twenty-four sources were included: 12 peer-reviewed articles, 6 official policy or regulatory sources, 2 institutional sources, and 4 company-reported sources. Findings: National acute hospital-at-home evidence suggests clinical promise but operational and financial fragility. CMS reported lower overall mortality but mixed readmission effects, slightly longer length of stay, and lower 30-day postdischarge spending for more than half of the most common diagnosis-related groups studied.2 MedPAC documented limited uptake and substantial delivery friction.3 In contrast, the MSK home phlebotomy study reported 345 patients, 1,464 home visits, and 5,104 specimens, with 1 clotted specimen, 0 hemolyzed specimens, and 147 of 149 surveyed patients (99%) stating they would use the service again or recommend it.[1] The MATCHES/TRACE initiative at MSK embeds home laboratories, remote monitoring, and treatment-at-home elements into tele-oncology research.[9-14] Conclusions and Relevance: Home phlebotomy appears more operationally tractable than full inpatient substitution and may represent a high-value enabling layer for oncology care at home and decentralized trials. The strongest near-term opportunity is not generic home visits but protocolized, institution-integrated, specimen-safe execution.

The "touch-me-not" plant, Mimosa pudica Linn., is a creeping perennial herb that folds its leaves quickly in reaction to touch. The botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and medicinal qualities of M. pudica are all examined in this review. The plant's many medicinal properties are attributed to a variety of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. In the past, it was used to treat inflammation, diarrhea, wounds, and skin issues. It has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective qualities, according to recent pharmacological studies. Researchers studying plant physiology and environmental adaptation have taken notice of its unique thigmonastic response. These results imply that Mimosa pudica may be a useful natural source for creating antioxidants and anti-hypolipidemic drugs that are both safe and effective. To confirm and improve the bioactive compounds' therapeutic potential, more studies concentrating on their separation, purification, and structural characterization, as well as in vivo pharmacological tests, are advised.

Accurate trace metal analysis in whole blood by ICP-MS depends strongly on sample preparation. This study compares three practical pre-treatment strategies: simple acid dilution, non-digestion & microwave digestion, for simultaneous determination of arsenic, lead, cadmium, manganese, chromium, cobalt, and thallium in whole blood. The methods were assessed for analytical recovery, precision, matrix effect, carryover, turnaround time, reagent consumption, & per-sample processing cost. The simple HNO3 dilution method demonstrated the best balance of accuracy, speed, and economy, showing comparable recoveries to digestion for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr) & Thallium(Tl), while significantly reducing sample preparation time and acid usage. The simple HNO3 dilution method demonstrated the equally comparable result with non-digestion Triton X-100/NH3 method & Microwave digestion method.

Background: The landscape of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has transformed dramatically over the past two decades. Beyond metformin, newer classes—notably sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and more recently oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs)—offer distinct advantages but also unique risks. Objective: This review synthesises evidence from the last 20 years to evaluate the impact of trending OHAs on glycaemic control, body weight, cardiovascular outcomes, and adverse events, with a focus on real-world applicability. Methods: A structured PubMed search (2004–2024) was conducted for randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses, and retrospective observational studies. Inclusion criteria: adult T2DM patients, use of SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, or oral GLP-1 RAs, with outcomes including HbA1c, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), or hospitalisation for heart failure. Exclusion criteria: animal studies, paediatric populations, and non-English articles. Results: Forty-three articles met inclusion criteria. SGLT2 inhibitors consistently reduced MACE (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.92) and heart failure hospitalisations. DPP-4 inhibitors showed neutral cardiovascular effects but favourable safety. Oral semaglutide achieved HbA1c reductions of -1.2% to -1.6% with weight loss of 3–5 kg, albeit higher gastrointestinal side effects. Conclusion: Newer OHAs have moved beyond glucose lowering to target organ protection. Individualisation based on cardiovascular, renal, and weight profiles is now mandatory. Clinicians must navigate trade-offs between efficacy and tolerability.

Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Aprajita or Butterfly Pea, is a perennial medicinal herb belonging to the Fabaceae family and is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. The plant has been extensively utilized in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani for the management of various diseases and health disorders. Owing to its remarkable therapeutic value and diverse pharmacological properties, Aprajita has gained increasing scientific attention in recent years. Different parts of the plant including flowers, roots, leaves, stems, and seeds are reported to possess medicinal importance and are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders, skin infections, inflammation, respiratory diseases, urinary disorders, fever, and digestive problems. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical profile, phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of Clitoria ternatea. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of several biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and steroids. Among these constituents, anthocyanins known as ternatins are primarily responsible for the characteristic blue coloration of the flowers and contribute significantly to the antioxidant potential of the plant. Experimental and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Aprajita exhibits a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties. The antioxidant activity of the plant helps in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress associated with chronic diseases and aging. Antimicrobial studies have reported inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi, supporting its traditional use in skin infections and wound management. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the plant contribute to its usefulness in relieving pain, swelling, and inflammatory conditions. Aprajita is also widely recognized as a brain tonic in traditional medicine due to its memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects. Several studies suggest that the plant may improve learning ability, cognitive performance, and mental health by protecting neuronal cells from oxidative damage. In addition, antidiabetic investigations indicate that plant extracts may assist in lowering blood glucose levels and improving glucose metabolism. Hepatoprotective studies further demonstrate its ability to protect liver tissues against toxin-induced damage. Apart from medicinal applications, the natural blue pigment obtained from the flowers has gained importance in food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries as a natural coloring agent. Herbal teas and functional beverages prepared from the flowers are increasingly popular because of their health-promoting properties and antioxidant content. Although numerous preclinical studies support the therapeutic potential of Clitoria ternatea, further clinical investigations, toxicity evaluations, and standardization studies are necessary to confirm its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic applications in modern healthcare systems. Overall, the plant represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical and industrial potential, highlighting its importance in herbal medicine and future drug development research.

Aging is natural, but did you know that the food you eat every day can help you age slower and stay healthier for longer? This simple guide explains how antioxidants—natural compounds found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, and other everyday foods—protect your body from damage that leads to aging and disease. Scientific research has shown that people who eat more antioxidant-rich foods have lower rates of heart disease, diabetes, dementia, and early death. Written for normal people, not scientists, this paper gives you practical, easy-to-follow advice on what to eat, what to avoid, and how to build a daily meal plan for healthy aging. No complicated terms. No expensive supplements. Just real food that works. The evidence is clear: whole foods rich in antioxidants help you live longer and better.

Katigatavata is one of the Sandhigata Vatavyadhi. Based on pathophysiology and symptoms of Katigatavata, it is compared with low back pain in modern science. Common factors that contribute to the disease are poor posture, unhealthy eating habits, and frequent travel in uncomfortable vehicles. The last few decades have shown that socio economic factors have a great influence on health. Hence in this study an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of Dwipanchamuladhya taila Katibasti and Vatari Guggulu over Ksheerabala taila Katibasti and Trayodashanga Guggulu in the management of Katigatavata (lowbackpain). Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Dwipanchamuladhya taila Katibasti with Vatari Guggulu and Ksheerabala taila Katibasti with Trayodashanga Guggulu in the management of Katigatavata (Lowback pain). Materials and Methods: It is a randomized comparative clinical study was conducted on 40 patients diagnosed with Katigatavata (Lowback pain), selected from the OPD and IPD of BLDEA’s AVS Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Hospital, Vijayapura. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 20 each. Group A received Dwipanchamuladhya Taila katibasti along with Vatari Guggulu orally, while Group B received Ksheerabala Taila Katibasti with Trayodashanga Guggulu orally. Assessment was carried out using subjective and objective parameters before and after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired t-tests. Results: Group A showed 35% excellent response, 40% good response, 15% moderate response, and 10% mild response, whereas Group B showed 35% excellent response, 35% good response, 10% moderate response, and 20% mild response. Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement, with Group B showing comparatively better overall efficacy.

Skin is the largest organ of body, accounting for about 15% of total adult body weight. it perform many vital functions, including protection against external physical, chemical and biologic assailants as well as prevention of excess water loss from body and role in thermoregulation.

In the present study, pharmacognostical investigations were undertaken on the root of Allamanda blanchetii. The plant was identified and authenticated by Dr. V. Rama Rao, Research Officer (Botany), Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Bengaluru. Macroscopical examinations of the root were subsequently carried out. Detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of the root was carried out to establish diagnostic features for identification and authentication. Transverse section revealed an exfoliating brownish cork followed by multiple layers of phellogen and a tangentially arranged phelloderm. The cortex was broad, composed of compact parenchymatous cells containing simple to compound starch grains and prismatic crystals. Beneath the cortex, phloem tissue was observed with uni- and biseriate medullary rays, also embedded with starch grains. Xylem vessels were diffuse porous, evenly distributed, and surrounded by fibres. Longitudinal section exhibited bordered pitted vessels and abundant starch grains. Root powder appeared creamish in colour. Powder microscopy confirmed the presence of cork cells, fibres, pitted stone cells, pitted tracheids, starch grains, crystal fibres, prismatic crystals, and crystal aggregates. These anatomical and microscopic characteristics serve as reliable pharmacogenetic markers for the root drug, supporting its quality control and standardization.

This study aimed to standardize the root of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson (Clusiaceae) through detailed pharmacognostical and physicochemical evaluation. The plant was authenticated by Dr. V. Rama Rao, Research Officer (Botany), Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Bengaluru. Microscopic studies of the root transverse section revealed a circular outline with an outer brown cork, followed by 4–5 layers of phellogen and a thin phelloderm. A broad cortex composed of parenchymatous cells with embedded pericyclic fibers was observed, while the inner region showed phloem, irregularly arranged medullary rays, xylem vessels, and starch-containing parenchyma cells. Powder analysis confirmed that the root powder is brown in color, and microscopy revealed the presence of cork cells (surface view), bordered pitted vessels, xylem fibers, brachysclereids, starch grains, and various types of crystals, including clustered, rosette, and prismatic forms. Physicochemical parameters such as Moisture content, ash values, extractive values and fluorescence analysis were determined to support quality assessment. These parameters serve as reliable markers for the identification and standardization of the plant and provide essential data for future research and applications.

Background: Filicium decipiens is a medicinally important plant traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes; however, standardized quality control parameters for its leaves are limited. Objectives: This study aimed to establish comprehensive Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and physicochemical standards for the authentication and quality evaluation of F. decipiens leaves. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations, including transverse section analysis and powder microscopy, were performed using standard procedures. Quantitative microscopy parameters such as Stomatal number, Stomatal index, vein islet and terminates number were determined. Physicochemical constants, including loss on drying, ash values, extractive values, foaming index, fluorescent analysis, were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening and chlorophyll content estimation were also conducted. Results: The leaves exhibited characteristic morphological features such as compound imparipinnate arrangement with lanceolate leaflets. Microscopic analysis revealed a single layered epidermis, well-developed collenchyma, collateral vascular bundles, anomocytic stomata, and calcium oxalate crystal. Powder microscopy showed spiral vessels, fibers, and crystalline inclusions. Quantitative microscopy provided reliable identification markers. Physicochemical analysis indicated higher alcohol soluble extractive value (24%) compared to water soluble extractive value (13.6%). The foaming index greater than 1000, indicating significant Saponin content. Fluorescence analysis showed distinct color variations under UV light. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Conclusion: The study establishes essential Pharmacognostical and physicochemical standards for F. decipiens leaves, supporting their identification, authentication and potential use in herbal drug development.

Background: Navi Mumbai-Panvel's DM Package cohort (n=10), while small, includes patients with complex comorbidities (DM+CAD, DM+IHD, multi-system disease) and 100% medication reduction documentation. This pilot analysis evaluates protocol efficacy in a complex, high-cardiovascular-risk diabetic population. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the Madhavbaug CDC Panchakarma-based multimodal protocol on glycaemic, anthropometric, cardiometabolic, and medication parameters exclusively in DM Package patients (n=10) at the Navi Mumbai (Panvel) Central RIC clinic. Methods: Retrospective observational study. 10 T2DM patients enrolled in the DM Package at Navi Mumbai (Panvel) Central RIC. Only DM Package care plans (CDC-SP Base/1/2/3, CDC-KP Base/1/2/3, DM-HTN 1/2/3) included. Paired Student's t-test (two-tailed) for within-group pre–post comparisons (p

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) imposes an escalating global burden requiring lifelong pharmacological management with cumulative adverse effects. Integrated Ayurvedic management combining Panchakarma bio-purification therapy, calorie-restricted diet, and herbal medications offers a multi-modal therapeutic alternative addressing the underlying metabolic dysfunction of T2DM. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the CDC Panchakarma Protocol with the Prameha Diet Box on glycemic control, anthropometric parameters, and allopathic medication requirements in T2DM patients. Methods: Retrospective observational study of 34 T2DM patients (24 male, 10 female; mean age 42.3±9.9 years) treated at Talegaon Ayurvedic clinic between April 2025 and March 2026. Patients received BMI-stratified Panchakarma (CDC-SP: BMI ≥23 kg/m², n=23; CDC-KP: BMI