EFFECTIVENESS OF STEM CELL THERAPIES (CSCS) IMPROVING PATIENTS CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THYROID CARCINOMA
*Dr. Adila Nathu, MD, PhD, Dr. Ghazala Nathu, MS, MS, Ph.D, Noor Harmmam, MS, Dr. Uolba Yousaf, MBBS and Dr. Sundus Shaukat, MBBS
Emerging evidence has identified a distinct subset of cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), as key contributors to tumor initiation, progression, recurrence, and metastasis. These cells possess the unique abilities of selfrenewal and differentiation, making them central players in treatment resistance and tumor relapse. CSCs have been discovered in various tissues, including both healthy and malignant thyroid tissue, and their function is regulated by specific intracellular signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) that influence gene expression and cellular behavior (Vicari 2016). In thyroid cancer, CSCs are particularly concerning due to their high invasiveness and resistance to conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This resistance is thought to play a major role in cancer recurrence and the spread of disease after initial treatment. Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of thyroid CSCs may offer promising new avenues for targeted therapies, especially for aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of the disease.
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